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What Are Cryptoassets (Cryptocurrencies)?

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Date: 14 December, 2023

Crypto assets, also known as cryptocurrencies, have been making the headlines lately. You might have heard names like Bitcoin, Ripple, Litecoin, and Ethereum buzzing around. But what exactly are they?

Let’s break it down. “Crypto” means hidden or secret, reflecting the technology that securely records ownership and facilitates user payments. And “currency” tells us the primary purpose—they’re a form of electronic cash.

But unlike the notes and coins we’re used to, cryptoassets live digitally and work through a peer-to-peer system. No central bank or government is overseeing them. Some like having more control over their money, but it comes with risks.

How Is Cryptocurrency Created?

Creating cryptocurrencies involves complex computer processes, like mining for gold, but in the digital realm. It’s not something you can do manually at home. If you’re curious, there are excellent videos explaining this.

What Can You Buy with Cryptocurrency?

Honestly, it’s not your everyday groceries. At least, not yet. Most major stores on the high street in the UK don’t accept cryptocurrency as payment. It’s quicker and more inexpensive to use compared to regular money.

People are trying to make it more user-friendly, but right now, it’s more of an investment asset. People buy it, hoping its value will rise. But it’s a bumpy ride. The value of these cryptoassets is all over the place—sometimes shooting up, other times taking a nosedive.

How Unpredictable Is Cryptocurrency’s Value?

Oh, it’s wild. Take Bitcoin, for instance. From 2014 to 2018, while oil prices stayed relatively stable, Bitcoin’s value went through rollercoaster rides—shooting up by 65% one day and plunging by 25% the next.

This unpredictability? It’s what makes investing in these digital currencies so risky. Imagine your investment swinging up or crashing down, like riding a financial rollercoaster.

So, if you’re considering diving into the crypto world, be ready for a wild ride. It could pay off big, or it could crash and burn. It’s that unpredictable.

References:

https://fcnb.ca/en/investing/high-risk-investments/crypto-assets-and-cryptocurrency#:~:text=Crypto%20assets%20are%20purely%20digital,create%2C%20verify%20and%20secure%20transactions.

https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/explainers/what-are-cryptocurrencies

 

Navigating the Evolving State Taxation of Cryptoassets

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Date: 25 March, 2023

Cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have significantly shifted the financial landscape, prompting policy responses and regulatory frameworks at both the federal and state levels. While we have discussed government opinions on cryptoassets, understanding the larger ramifications of this new asset class requires investigating state-level reactions.

In a recent conversation with Wally Hellerstein of the University of Georgia Law School, we explored the complex tapestry of state-level guidance on taxing cryptoassets. This discussion highlighted the challenges faced by policymakers in addressing the multifaceted nature of these assets, from income taxation to sales tax treatment.

Hellerstein, an authority in state and local taxation, emphasized the daily emergence of new developments, underscoring the rapid evolution of this space. The conversation centered on the need for clarity and consistency in state-level guidance, especially in the face of the vast and interjurisdictional cryptoasset universe.

One significant point of discussion was the essence of cryptoassets as defined by various international bodies, including the OECD. Definitions commonly referred to cryptoassets as digital representations of value relying on cryptographically secured distributed ledger technology. However, Hellerstein cautioned against tethering the definition solely to distributed ledger technology, highlighting the complexity of digital assets that might not fall within this scope.

The conversation also dissected the nuances of tokens within the crypto realm, distinguishing between payment tokens (like Bitcoin and Ethereum), security tokens, and utility tokens (including fungible and non-fungible types like NFTs). Hellerstein provided lucid explanations, simplifying technical jargon for a broader understanding.

A crucial theme revolved around the interplay between federal and state-level guidance, emphasizing how states tend to align with federal treatment but face complexities when applying federal guidelines to sales and use taxes. Hellerstein highlighted cases where states deviated from federal guidance, citing New Jersey’s approach as an example seeking fiscal advantage.

The importance of consistency and conformity among states emerged as a significant recommendation. Hellerstein stressed the need for uniformity, especially in addressing potential issues of double taxation or nontaxation across different jurisdictions. He underscored the role of organizations like the Multistate Tax Commission (MTC) in fostering uniformity among states, particularly in light of emerging challenges in the cryptoasset domain.

The conversation concluded by emphasizing the necessity for ongoing vigilance and continuous learning in this rapidly evolving space. It highlighted the wealth of resources available, from Tax Notes to governmental organizations and global bodies like the OECD, offering valuable insights into this complex taxation landscape.

In a realm characterized by constant flux, this dialogue served as a reminder of the need for consistent guidance, global collaboration, and a vigilant eye on emerging trends in the taxation of cryptoassets. As this field evolves, remaining aware and adaptive is critical to negotiating the complex maze of state-level taxes.

References:

https://www.livemint.com/market/cryptocurrency/navigating-the-complexities-of-crypto-taxation-in-india-11679764005839.html

 

“Cryptocurrency Market Swings: AEUR’s Unprecedented Surge and Binance’s Compensation Plan”

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Date: 08 December, 2023

The cryptocurrency market has become a hotbed of speculative fervor, with traders witnessing unprecedented heights in the value of a stablecoin from a Swiss company. As Bitcoin continues its rally, hovering around $43,300, alongside the surge in Ether and other digital assets, the spotlight has recently turned to a stablecoin’s remarkable ascent.

This week, traders were surprised as the price of AEUR, a stablecoin issued by a Zug-based cryptocurrency firm, Anchored Coins, skyrocketed approximately 200% after its listing on the spot market. Stablecoins, known for their pegged nature to assets like euros, dollars, or gold, generally maintain price stability.

However, the sudden surge in AEUR’s value caught many traders off guard, leading to extreme price volatility. The uproar in the cryptocurrency community ensued from what appeared to be a misunderstanding among traders, some of whom overlooked AEUR’s stablecoin attributes.

Binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, swiftly responded to the situation, acknowledging the confusion among traders. To rectify the issue, Binance announced the implementation of a compensation plan. Traders who purchased AEUR during a specific time window but couldn’t sell it are eligible for compensation.

To address the unprecedented AEUR price spike, Binance promptly suspended trading in four stablecoin pairs. The exchange attributed this action to the irregular fluctuations in AEUR’s value.

Following a period of relative calm caused by the collapse of the FTX cryptocurrency exchange nearly a year ago, this occurrence symbolises a thaw in the cryptocurrency market. The resurgence in crypto launches has reignited enthusiasm among traders, although it comes with its share of unexpected volatility.

The incident surrounding AEUR serves as a reminder of the importance of understanding the characteristics of digital assets before trading. As the market continues to evolve and new coins emerge, understanding each token’s fundamentals becomes crucial to navigating through the volatility and uncertainty that often accompanies cryptocurrency trading.

References:

https://www.finews.com/news/english-news/60507-anchored-coins-bitcoin-aeur-depletion-plan

Palau’s Stablecoin Pilot Supported by Ripple Shows Positive Results

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In a span of three months, a total of 168 volunteers made retail purchases using the Palau Stablecoin, which is pegged to the U.S. dollar. The value of these purchases amounted to $100. The Palau Stablecoin, being a digital currency, offers stability by being tied to the U.S. dollar. This allows users to make transactions with confidence, knowing that the value of the stablecoin remains constant. The usage of the Palau Stablecoin for retail purchases highlights its growing acceptance and adoption as a viable payment option within the Palau community.

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Kazakhstan blocked 980 unlicensed crypto exchanges in 2023

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The Financial Monitoring Agency has initiated nine separate investigations into cases involving “illegal exchange operations” and money laundering. These investigations are aimed at identifying and addressing any instances of financial transactions that are in violation of the law and may involve the illegal exchange of currency or the laundering of money. The agency is committed to ensuring that such activities are thoroughly investigated and that appropriate actions are taken to prevent and combat financial crimes. By launching these investigations, the Financial Monitoring Agency is actively working towards maintaining the integrity and security of the financial system.

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Microsoft faces UK antitrust probe over OpenAI deal structure

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The regulator is conducting an examination to determine if the collaboration between the two parties can be considered an “acquisition of control.” This term refers to a situation where one party has significant influence over another. The examination will assess the extent of control and influence that one party may have over the other in this collaboration. The regulator’s aim is to determine if this collaboration meets the criteria of an acquisition of control, which would have important implications for the parties involved.

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Bank of England’s Consultation on Financial Market Infrastructure Supervisory Fees for 2023/24″

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Date: 21 July, 2023

The Bank of England issued a consultation paper. Outlining proposed supervisory fees for financial market infrastructure (FMI) activities for the 2023/24 period. This paper presents several key proposals and considerations for FMIs in the upcoming fiscal year.

The consultation paper outlines the proposed fee rates designed to meet the Bank’s funding requirements for FMI supervisory activities and associated policy support. Additionally, the document introduces the concept of special project fees (SPF) for specific time-limited and resource-intensive supervisory work expected in the upcoming year.

These proposals are relevant to all FMIs currently paying or anticipating paying FMI supervisory fees to the Bank within the 2023/24 fee year, encompassing UK-based and incoming FMIs.

The summary of proposals emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the Bank’s annual FMI supervisory fees, covering various costs such as supervision staff, policy support, specialist resources, and corporate services within the FMI Directorate. Notably, the proposed total expenditure for the 2023/24 fiscal year represents a 19% increase from the previous year, attributed to changes in the population of supervised firms.

However, the consultation highlights the possibility of variations in final fee rates due to resource expenditure adjustments throughout the year. The Bank aims to address these variances post-2023/24 through rebates or additional fee requests.

The proposed implementation date for these proposals is Q3 of the 2023/24 fee year, with invoices expected to be issued during this period.

The Bank invites feedback on these proposals until September 21, 2023. Interested parties can provide their comments or inquiries via the provided contact details.

Specific proposals regarding fee rates for different categories of UK FMIs, including CCPs, CSDs, recognized payment systems, and specified service providers, are detailed within the paper. These proposals outline the allocation of fees among various FMI categories based on the challenges and resourcing requirements inherent in supervising different FMIs.

This consultation paper serves as a pivotal guide for FMIs operating within the UK, laying the groundwork for fee structures and expectations for the upcoming fiscal year while ensuring transparency and responsiveness to suit the growing demands of the financial industry infrastructure.

FMI Types and Categories:

The Bank of England’s consultation paper defines various categories for different types of Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs), categorizing them based on their functions and supervisory requirements. These categories encompass:

  1. Central Counterparties (CCPs):
  • Category One:
    • Ratio – 1.75
  • Category Two:
    • Ratio – 1.00
  • Category Three:
    • Ratio – 0.57
  1. Central Securities Depositories (CSDs):
  • Category One:
    • Ratio – 1.50
  • Category Two:
    • Ratio – 1.00
  • Category Three:
    • Ratio – 0.67
  1. Recognized Payment Systems and Specified Service Providers:
  • Category One:
    • Ratio – 1.50
  • Category Two:
    • Ratio – 1.00

These ratios delineate the proportional allocation of fees across different categories within each type of FMI. They reflect the varying complexities and supervisory requirements associated with overseeing distinct types of FMIs, guiding the distribution of fees based on the challenges inherent in supervising each category.

These ratios are instrumental in determining the fee structure for each FMI category, ensuring a balanced and reflective approach to meeting the funding requirements for the Bank’s supervisory activities in the financial market infrastructure.

References:

https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-040-1845?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true

https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/paper/2023/cp/boe-fees-regime-for-fmi-supervision-2022-23#:~:text=The%20total%20UK%20FMI%20fees,for%20each%20category%20of%20FMI.

“Société Générale Breaks Ground: EUR CoinVertible, the First Major Bank Publicly Listing a Stablecoin”

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Date: 05 December, 2023

In a groundbreaking move within the banking sector, Société Générale, a leading French bank, has achieved a significant milestone by publicly listing a stablecoin, EUR convertible. Developed by SG-FORGE, the bank’s dedicated subsidiary for cryptoassets, this initiative marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of digital currencies within the traditional financial landscape.

Launched on the Ethereum public blockchain via the renowned crypto exchange Bitstamp, EUR CoinVertible challenges the dominance of the US dollar in the stablecoin market. Unlike typical cryptocurrencies, stablecoins maintain a fixed value through asset backing or algorithmic processes. SG-FORGE has ensured that EUR CoinVertible will be backed by euros held by a trusted third party, enhancing its stability and reliability.

This move by Société Générale distinguishes itself from previous stablecoin ventures by central banks, such as JP Morgan, as EUR CoinVertible stands as the first stablecoin to be publicly listed on an exchange. The coin aims to address existing challenges within stablecoins, aiming to integrate them into mainstream financial institutions exploring digital ledger technology.

EUR CoinVertible strives to fulfil multiple purposes, catering to the increasing demand for a secure settlement and store-of-value asset for on-chain transactions. It aims to revolutionise cash management and pooling activities while bolstering collateral management practises.

SG-FORGE’s whitepaper emphasises the stabilising mechanisms inherent in stablecoins, setting them apart from traditional cryptocurrencies and advocating for their coexistence alongside Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). Stressing the importance of compliance and a robust legal framework, especially aftermarket instability, the initiative highlights the need for projects from financial institutions to meet regulatory standards.

SG-FORGE, having conducted various security token and CBDC experiments since 2019, assures that the new stablecoin won’t pose exposure risks to Société Générale. Jean-Marc Stenger, CEO of SG-FORGE, views this listing as a significant opportunity for the crypto ecosystem, providing access to a stable asset backed by Société Générale’s regulatory expertise.

This milestone is celebrated as a significant step towards mainstream adoption of cryptocurrencies. Stenger emphasises that stablecoins act as bridges between fiat currencies and cryptocurrencies, offering stability and an extensive feature set while promoting financial inclusion—a pivotal achievement in the ongoing evolution of digital currencies.

References:

https://www.ft.com/content/cd733a7c-2e74-412f-b234-6f495c118cc6

https://www.investmentweek.co.uk/news/4154098/sociee-eerale-major-bank-publicly-list-stablecoin

Enhancing Collaboration in Digital Finance and Capital Markets Between Singapore and China

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The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has recently unveiled its latest initiatives aimed at enhancing financial collaboration with China. These initiatives focus on digital finance and capital markets, reflecting the growing significance of technology in the financial sector. MAS aims to leverage these initiatives to further strengthen the ties between Singapore and China in the realm of finance. By embracing digital finance, MAS hopes to facilitate smoother and more efficient financial transactions, while the capital markets initiatives seek to create more opportunities for investment and growth. These developments underscore the commitment of MAS to fostering closer financial cooperation with China.

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Enhanced Partnership in Digital Finance and Capital Markets between Singapore and China

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The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has recently unveiled a series of new digital finance and capital markets initiatives aimed at strengthening its financial collaboration with China. These initiatives are designed to enhance the connectivity and efficiency of financial services between the two countries. MAS aims to promote the use of digital payments and cross-border transactions, as well as facilitate the development of fintech solutions in areas such as blockchain and artificial intelligence. By deepening its financial cooperation with China, MAS hopes to foster greater financial integration and drive economic growth in the region.

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